A. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Pengertian, Rumus, dan Contoh Simple Present Tense
Simple
Present Tense adalah tenses atau pola kalimat yang digunakan untuk menceritakan
waktu sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana.
Dapat
diartikan juga Simple Present Tense itu adalah bentuk tenses yang terjadi dalam
kebiasaan sehari-hari, tidak selalu berkaitan dengan waktu, dan mengekspresikan
kebenaran yang umum.
Simple
Present Tense ini merupakan tenses yang paling sering digunakan, maka akan
banyak pula pembahasan pada Simple Present Tense ini.
Simple
Present Tense terbagi menjadi dua rumus:
Berikut rumus dari Simple Present Tense dalam bentuk nominal :
(+)
S + to be 1(am, is, are) + Adj / Noun / Adverb (disingkat ANA)
(-)
S + to be 1 + not + ANA
(?)
To be 1 + S + ANA ?
To
be 1 terdiri dari : am, is, are.
Penempatan
to be 1 ini pun harus tepat. “am” kita tempatkan pada subject “I”
-> jadi “I am”. “is” kita tempatkan pada subject “she,
he, it” -> jadi “She is, He is, dan It is”. Dan
subject “are” kita tempatkan pada subject “you, they, we” ->
jadi “You are, They are, We are”.
Contoh-contoh
dari kalimat simple present tense dalam bentuk nominal :
Adjective
(kata sifat):
(+)
Marcella is a stronger woman.
(-)
Marcella is not a stronger woman.
(?)
Is Marcella a stronger woman?
Noun
(kata benda):
(+) He is a Doctor.
(-) He is not a Doctor.
(?) Is he a Doctor?
Adverb
(kata keterangan):
(+) Dewi
and Dian are happily.
(-)
Dewi and Dian not happily.
(?)
Are They happily?
Rumus
yang kedua yaitu “Simple Present Tense dalam Bentuk Verbal”. Kalimat
verbal biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang menjadi
kebiasaan atau dilakukan pada waktu-waktu tertentu.
1. Berikut rumus dari Simple Present Tense dalam bentuk
Verbal :
(+)
S + V1 s/es + O
(-)
S + do/does not + V1 + O…
(?)
Do/Does + S + V1 ?
Keterangan
:
· s/es = untuk Subject “He, She, It”. Untuk
Subject “I, You, We, dan They” tidak usah diberi akhiran s/es.
· Do digunakan bila subject nya “I, You, We, They”.
· Does digunakan bila subject nya “He, She, It”.
· Dalam bentuk kalimat verbal negatif, tambahan “s/es”
pada kata kerja dihilangkan.
Berikut
adalah contoh dari kalimat simple present tense dalam bentuk Verbal :
(+) My
father goes to post office.
(-) My
father does not go to post office.
(?) Does
your father go to post office?
Contoh Simple
Present Tense :
1. My mother is
not a teacher.
2. We are in
the office.
3. My father
owns a newhouse.
4. The ceremony
starts at 7o’clock.
5. I see tears
in your eyes.
6. Ricky lives
in Ambon.
7. I write a
letter.
8. She speaks
Deutsch everyday.
9. Michael
reads a comic in his room.
10. Eka brings two bags.
B.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Dalam Bahasa
Inggris, dikenal berbagai bentuk tense. Tense ini digunakan untuk menyebut
perubahan bentuk kata kerja berdasarkan waktu terjadinya. Dalam pengertian
Present Continuous Tense merupakan
tense bentuk yang menunjuk pada tindakan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau
ketika pembicaraan itu sedang berlangsung. Jadi tindakan itu sudah dimulai, dan
belum berakhir ketika pembicaraan itu berlangsung. Selain itu, tense ini juga
bisa digunakan untuk bentuk tindakan yang berlangsung hanya untuk jangka waktu
yang singkat. Kita juga bisa menggunakan tense ini untuk membicarakan suatu
perubahan atau perkembangan yang sedang berlangsung dalam rentang waktu yang
lama. Selain itu, tense ini juga bisa dipakai untuk menyebut suatu tindakan
yang akan di dilakukan di masa depan (perencanaan). Umumnya, tense ini juga
biasa disebut Present Progressive Tense.
Penggunaan Present Continuous Tense :
1. Kejadian yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau kegiatan sementara.2. Rencana di masa depan yang sudah pasti waktunya (pribadi).
3. perubahan atau perkembangan yang sedang berlangsung dalam rentang waktu yang lama.
Rumus Present Continuous Tense
Berikut rumus present continuous tense untuk membuat kalimat-kalimat(+) Bentuk Positif
subject + to be (am, is, are) + Verb – ing + object
(-) Bentuk Negatif
subject + to be + not + verb – ing + object
(?) Bentuk Interrogative
to be + subject + verb – ing + object
Dalam pembentukan tense ini, dibutuhkan :
Bentuk “to be”
o
Tunggal,
I am (orang pertama)
You are (orang kedua)
He / she / it is (orang ketiga)
I am (orang pertama)
You are (orang kedua)
He / she / it is (orang ketiga)
o
Jamak,
We are (orang pertama)
You are (orang kedua)
They are (orang ketiga)
Bentuk kata kerja “-ing”We are (orang pertama)
You are (orang kedua)
They are (orang ketiga)
Contoh :
go + ing = going
Keterangan
waktu (adverb of time)
yang sering
digunakan dalam Present Continuous tense : now, right now, at the
moment, just, still dan tomorrow (digunakan khusus untuk yang menunjuk suatu
perencanaan).
Contoh Kalimat Present Continuous:
1) We are eating friedrice at the moment.
2) He is still waiting for her daughter.
3) Tomorrow, they are going to go to Guangzhou.
4) He is working at home this week because he is
sick.
5) I am watching TV now.
6) Mr. Haider isn’t going to Surabaya
7) Is Mrs. Titi cooking in the kitchen?
8) Mr. Anhar is writing a new book.
9) Dini going to Lampung at 05.30 tomorrow.
10) The earth is getting older.
C.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Present Perfect Tense merupakan kombinasi gramatikal antara
present tense dan perfect tense. Jenis tenses dalam bahasa inggris yang
digunakan untuk suatu tindakan aktivitas yang terjadi di masa lampau dan masih
berpengaruh hingga sekarang.
Present
Perfect tense digunakan saat :
• Tindakan
yang terjadi pada waktu yang tidak pasti sebelum saat ini.
• Tindakan
yang terjadi di masa lalu dan masih punya pengaruhnya hingga sekarang
• Tindakan yang
dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut hingga sekarang
Untuk
membentuk kalimat Present Perfect (simple) tense kita perlu mengetahui tentang
:
Bentuk auxiliary yang digunakan dalam present perfect tense adalah “to have”. Present perfect terdiri dari subject, auxiliary have/has, dan past participle (kata kerja lampau bentuk III atau Verb III)
Bentuk auxiliary yang digunakan dalam present perfect tense adalah “to have”. Present perfect terdiri dari subject, auxiliary have/has, dan past participle (kata kerja lampau bentuk III atau Verb III)
Contoh :
o I have
eaten some food
o You have
gone to school
Auxiliary
Verb terbagi dalam dua bentuk :
o Bentuk
tunggal : I have , you have,
he/she/it has
o Bentuk
jamak : We have, you have, they
have
Past
participle atau kata kerja dalam Present perfect tenses yang digunakan adalah
Verb III. Past participle terbagi dalam 2 bagian :
o Regular
verb. contoh : talk = talked
o Irregular
verb. contoh : go = gone
Rumus Present Perfect Tense
Berikut ini
rumus Present perfect tense yaitu :
( + ) Bentuk positif
- Subject + has/have + been + object
- Subject + has/have + Verb III + object
Contoh :
- You have seen that movie many times
- There have been many earthquakes in California
( – ) Bentuk negative
- Subject + has / have + not + been + object
- Subject +has / have + not + verb III + object
Contoh :
- People have not traveled to the moon
- He has not been here since morning
( + ) Bentuk positif
- Subject + has/have + been + object
- Subject + has/have + Verb III + object
Contoh :
- You have seen that movie many times
- There have been many earthquakes in California
( – ) Bentuk negative
- Subject + has / have + not + been + object
- Subject +has / have + not + verb III + object
Contoh :
- People have not traveled to the moon
- He has not been here since morning
( ? ) Bentuk interrogative
- Have / has + Subject + verb III + object
- Have / has + subject + been + object
Contoh :
- Have you read the book yet?
- Has there ever been a war in the United States?
- Have / has + Subject + verb III + object
- Have / has + subject + been + object
Contoh :
- Have you read the book yet?
- Has there ever been a war in the United States?
Beberapa Fungsi Present Perfect Tense
1. Menyatakan pengalaman dari si pelaku dalam
kalimat.
2. Menyatakan perubahan. Present perfect tense
biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan
perubahan sebuah benda atau seseorang dari waktu ke waktu.
perubahan sebuah benda atau seseorang dari waktu ke waktu.
3. Menyatakan suatu prestasi atau pencapaian
dalam suatu tindakan oleh seorang
individu.
individu.
4. Menyatakan sebuah kegiatan yang belum selesai
dan berpengaruh hingga sekarang.
5. Menyatakan sebuah kegiatan yang terjadi
berkali – kali
Contoh Kalimat Present Perfect
Tense :
1) I have been to France
2) I think I have seen this movie before.
3) You have grown up since last time I saw you
4) The government has become more interested in arts education
5) Man has walked on the moon
6) Scientist have split the atom
7) Lionel has not finished his homework yet
8) Bill has still not arrived
9) The army has attacked that city five times.
10) I have had three quizzes and four tests for this semester.
1) I have been to France
2) I think I have seen this movie before.
3) You have grown up since last time I saw you
4) The government has become more interested in arts education
5) Man has walked on the moon
6) Scientist have split the atom
7) Lionel has not finished his homework yet
8) Bill has still not arrived
9) The army has attacked that city five times.
10) I have had three quizzes and four tests for this semester.
D.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Present Perfect Continuous tense digunakan untuk
menyatakan tindakan yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan sekarang masih
berlanjut. Tenses ini juga digunakan untuk menceritakan kejadian yang dimulai
dimasa lalu dan baru saja selesai. Dalam present perfect continous, ada
kejelasan waktu seperti “since 1990, for four hours”. Keterangan waktu tersebut
merupakan ciri utama dari present perfect continous tense karena menunjukkan
kapan kegiatan itu terjadi.
Jika dalam suatu kalimat tidak ada keterangan
waktu maka kalimat tersebut tidak bisa disebut present perfect. Karena
keterangan waktu menjadi penanda kapan kalimat tersebut dimulai.
Adverb of time ( keterangan waktu ) yang digunakan dalam present perfect continous tense adalah “since” dan “for”
Adverb of time ( keterangan waktu ) yang digunakan dalam present perfect continous tense adalah “since” dan “for”
Adverb of placement yang digunakan biasanya
always, only, never, ever, still, just.
Kita tidak bisa menggunakan non-continous verbs dalam present perfect continous tense.
Kita tidak bisa menggunakan non-continous verbs dalam present perfect continous tense.
Contoh :
o
Sam has been having his car for two years. Salah
o
Sam has had his car for two years. Benar
Jenis auxiliary verb yang digunakan dalam present perfect continuous tense
adalah has been atau have been. Penggunaan since atau for tergantung pada
keterangan waktu dalam kalimat present perfect continuous tense. Ada beberapa
ketentuan dalam penggunaan since dan for
o
Jika keterangan waktu yang digunakan sudah jelas
seperti four o’clock, 1995 maka kalimat tersebut menggunakan since.
o
Namun jika keterangan waktu yang digunakan tidak
jelas, seperti four hours, five hours, four days ,maka kalimat tersebut
menggunakan kata for.
o
Kata four hours, three hours , four days
termasuk tidak jelas karena tidak disebutkan empat jam dari hari apa yang
digunakan dalam kalimat dan juga sebaliknya tidak jelas empat hari dari bulan
apa yang ada di dalam kalimat.
Rumus Present Perfect Continuous Tense
(+) Bentuk positifSubject + has / have + been + verb-ing
(-) Bentuk negatif
Subject + has / have + not + been + verb-ing
(?) Bentuk interrogative
Has/have + subject + been + verb-ing?
Present perfect continous tense memiliki beberapa fungsi yaitu :
Digunakan untuk menyatakan kalimat yang dimulai di waktu lampau dan berlanjut hingga sekarang.
Present perfect continuous juga dapat digunakan tanpa kata keterangan waktu. Tapi, keterangan waktu tersebut diganti dengan “lately”, dan “recently”. Penggunaan kata “lately”dan “recently” di perlukan untuk memperjelas kalimat.
Contoh Kalimat Present Perfect Continuous Tense :
1) They have been working together since senior high
school.
2) She has been working at that company for three years.
3) My son haven’t been sleeping.
4) I have been working with my computer all day, and now I
want some delicious foods.
5) It has not been raining for three days
6) I have not been living in America since 2003.
7) Have you been eating this egg for an hour?
8) Has he been playing cricket for two hours?
9) James has been teaching at the university since June.
10) We have been waiting here for over two hours!
E.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Simple Past Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan
suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan yang terjadi dimasa lampau dan waktu terjadinya
persitiwa itu telah diketahui.
Simple Past Tense menggunakan jenis "TO BE 2" and "VERB
2"
TO BE 2 terdiri dari: was
& were (untuk selengkapnya, lihat tabel berikut)
I
|
Was
|
You
|
Were
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
|
Was
|
She
|
|
It
|
I
|
Did / Didn't
|
You
|
|
They
|
|
We
|
|
He
She
It
|
CATATAN:
DID digunakan pada kalimat
tanya.
DID NOT (DIDN'T) digunakan pada
kalimat negatif.
TO BE 2 (Was & Were) digunakan ketika suatu kalimat tidak ada unsur kata
kerja (NON VERB)
VERB 2 hanya digunakan pada
kalimat positif saja.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Past Tense
Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Past Tense yang menggunakan kata
kerja (VERB)
+
|
Subject + Verb
2 + Object
|
-
|
Subject + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 +
Object
|
?
|
DID + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
|
?
|
Question Word + DID + Subject + Verb 1 ?
|
Contoh :
+
|
He bought a
pair of shoes yesterday.
|
-
|
He didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday.
|
?
|
Did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?
Jawaban: Yes He did, atau No, He did
not (didn't)
|
?
|
Why did he buy a pair of shoes
yesterday?
|
Pada contoh kalimat positif diatas
menggunakan kata kerja bought (bentuk Verb 2 dari kata buy).
Hanya pada kalimat positif saja Verb 2
digunakan.
Fungsi Simple Past Tense pada kalimat verbal
Biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu
keadaan yang telah dilakukan diwaktu lampau dan selesai pada saat itu juga atau
untuk menggambarkan suatu kejadian yang terjadi pada saat tertentu diwaktu
lampau, contohnya:
She finished my homework in the library yesterday.
They worked with me two months ago.
Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Past Tense yang tidak menggunakan
kata kerja (Non VERB)
+
|
Subject + To
be 2 + Non Verb + Object
|
-
|
Subject + To be 2 + NOT + Non Verb +
Object
|
?
|
To be 2 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
|
?
|
Question Word + To be 2 + Subject + Non
Verb + Object?
|
Contoh :
+
|
I was a singer
5 years ago.
We were a
singer 5 years ago.
|
-
|
I was not a singer 5 years ago.
We were not a singer 5 years ago.
|
?
|
Were you a singer 5 years ago?
Jawaban: Yes I was, atau No, I was
not
|
?
|
Where were you last night?
Jawaban: I was at home.
Why was she absent yesterday?
Jawaban: She was sick yesterday
|
Fungsi Simple Past Tense pada kalimat nomial
Biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu
kebiasaan diwaktu lampau tetapi tidak berlangsung lagi sekarang, contohnya:
When I was young, I worked hard
Keterangan waktu untuk Simple Past Tense yang digunakan
adalah:
yesterday, last night, last week, yesterday morning,
an hour ago, two days ago, and so on.
Contoh Kalimat Simple Past Tense :
Contoh Kalimat Simple Past Tense :
1) I do not drink milk last morning
2) He lived in Spanyol
3) Kamal played guitar
4) She went to school alone
5) I worked hard for my family
6) I did not understanding Deutsch better.
7) Riasti was really busy yesterday
8) I saw him standing there
9) Did he visit me yesterday?
10) My mother bought this book last week.
F. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Dalam
Pengertiannya Past Continuous Tense mengungkapkan tindakan di masa lalu
yang sedang berlangsung. Tindakan kadang dapat juga disela oleh sesuatu. Bentuk
tenses Bahasa Inggris ini disebut juga Past Progressive Tense.
Past
continuous tense ini dibentuk dengan bantuan “to be” kata kerja, dalam bentuk
lampau, ditambah dengan present participle dari kata kerja (dengan -ing akhir).
Penggunaan Past Continuous Tense
1. Tindakan
yang sedang berlangsung.
2. Kegiatan
yang terinterupsi di masa lampau
[Past Continuous] + When + [Past Simple]
Contoh: [Past Continuous] + When + [Past Simple]
I was reading a book when she came
Aku sedang membaca buku ketika dia datang
3. Dua atau
lebih kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu yang sama di masa lalu.
Jadi nanti kalimat ini menjelaskan beberapa kegiatan yang terjadi dalam 1 waktu
Jadi nanti kalimat ini menjelaskan beberapa kegiatan yang terjadi dalam 1 waktu
4. Pertanyaan
bersyarat/sopan.
5. Waktu
tertentu yang digunakan sebagai interupsi
6. Mendeskripsikan
atmosfer. Kita sering menggunakan pararel aksi untuk menjelaskan
atmosfer di masa lampau.
atmosfer di masa lampau.
Contoh:
While Ellen
was singing, Tim was watching drama movie.
Ketika Ellen sedang bernyanyii, tim sedang menonton film drama
They were eating lunch, discussing their job, and having a good conversation.
Mereka sedang makan siang, mendiskusikan pekerjaan mereka, dan menikmati pembicaraan mereka.
Ketika Ellen sedang bernyanyii, tim sedang menonton film drama
They were eating lunch, discussing their job, and having a good conversation.
Mereka sedang makan siang, mendiskusikan pekerjaan mereka, dan menikmati pembicaraan mereka.
4. Pertanyaan
bersyarat / sopan
Misalnya : I was wondering if you could carry my bag.
Aku ingin bertanya apakah kamu bisa membawa tas ku
5. Waktu tertentu yang digunakan sebagai interupsi
Contoh :1.At midnight, we still walking in the forest
Saat tengah malam. Kami masih berjalan di dalam hutan
Keterangan waktu di sini dipakai untuk menentukan kegiatan itu mulai atau berhenti
6. Mendeskripsikan atmosferMisalnya : I was wondering if you could carry my bag.
Aku ingin bertanya apakah kamu bisa membawa tas ku
5. Waktu tertentu yang digunakan sebagai interupsi
Contoh :1.At midnight, we still walking in the forest
Saat tengah malam. Kami masih berjalan di dalam hutan
Keterangan waktu di sini dipakai untuk menentukan kegiatan itu mulai atau berhenti
Kita sering menggunakan parallel aksi untuk menjelaskan atmosfer di masa lampau
Contoh:
When I ran into the room, few people were busily writing, some were speaking to each other, the boss was shouting directions, and clients were waiting to be explained.
Ketika aku masuk ke dalam ruang , beberapa orang sedang sibuk menulis, ada yang sedang berbicara satu sama lain, bos berteriak ke segala arah, dan klien-klien menunggu untuk dijelaskan.
Rumus Past Continuous Tense
Subject + to
be (was/were) + verb-ing + object
Negatif (-)
Subject +
was/were + not + verb-ing + object
Tanya (?)
- was/were +
subject + verb-ing + object ?
Contoh Kalimat Past Continuous Tense :
1) We were making a fire while they were preparing dinner
2) While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
2) While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
3) The children were playing when it rained
4) Deasy was crying when I came
4) Deasy was crying when I came
6) I was working all night yesterday
7) What were you doing at 12 o'clock last night?
8) He
was cancelling his flight when we
called him
9) Jack was working while the others were sleeping
10) I was reading an hour ago
9) Jack was working while the others were sleeping
10) I was reading an hour ago
F. PAST PERFECT TENSE
Pengertian, Rumus, dan Contoh Past
Perfect Tense
Past Perfect
Tense yaitu Waktu Sempurna Lampau.
Past Perfect
Tense adalah tenses yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan peristiwa yang
terjadi dimasa lampau dan terus berlangsung ataupun selesai dimasa lampau
berikutnya.
Berikut
rumus dari Past
Perfect Tense dalam bentuk verbal:
(+) S + had + V3(-) S + had + not + V3
(?) Had + S + V3
Contoh Kalimat Verbal Past Perfect Tense:
(+) She had helped her mother after she
played a game.(-) She had not helped her mother after she played a game.
(?) Had she helped her mother after she played a game?
Berikut rumus Past Perfect Tense dalam
bentuk nominal:
(+) S + had + been + Adjective / Noun /
Adverb(-) S + had + not + been + Adjective / Noun / Adverb
(?) Had + S + been + Adjective / Noun / Adverb ?
Contoh :
(+) They had been at Grage Mall since
morning.(-) They had not been at Grage Mall since morning.
(?) Had they been at Grage Mall since morning?
Contoh Kalimat Past Perfect Tense :
1) She hadn't called the police before I came.
2) We had not left
3) Why had he slept well?
4) I had finished my work.
5) I had lived in that house for ten years before I moved to where I live now.
6) She had waited for her boyfriend for an hour when he called that he couldn't go out last night
7) He had married her for 19 years when they finally had a baby last month
8) It had been long time after we met at Batam several years ago.
8) It had been long time after we met at Batam several years ago.
9) The sky had been clear after the storm was disappeared.
10) We had studied English just for a month before we decided to take an IELTS.
10) We had studied English just for a month before we decided to take an IELTS.
F. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Past Perfect
Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengekspresikan suatu kejadian yang sudah
dimulai dan sedang berlangsung di masa lampau tapi saat ini sudah tidak terjadi
lagi.
Rumus Verbal :
(+) S + had
+ been + V-ing
(-) S + had
+ not + been + V-ing
(?) Had + S
+ been + V-ing
Rumus Nominal :
(+) S + Had
+ Been + Being + O+ ANA
(-) S + Had
+ Not + Been + Being + O + ANA
(?) Had + S
+ Been + Being + O + ANA
Contoh Kalimat Verbal
Past Perfect Continuous Tense :
(+) Isna had
been sleeping for 5 hours before Her father woke up.
(-) Isna had
not been sleeping for 5 hours before Her fathe woke up.
(?) Had she
been sleeping for 5 hours before her father woke up?
Contoh Kalimat Nominal
Past Perfect Continuous Tense :
(-) I had
not been being a modeling character since 2010.
(?) Had you
been being a modeling character since 2010?
Contoh Kalimat Past Perfect Continuous Tense :
1) Nurman had been fishing all the day lastweek
2) Somebody had smoking in the room. There was a smell of cigarettes.
2) Somebody had smoking in the room. There was a smell of cigarettes.
3) How long had you been waiting to get on the train?
4) Erin told me that he has been planning to go to Turkey
4) Erin told me that he has been planning to go to Turkey
5) I was so tired. I had been revising my lessons for hours.
6) I found my keys yesterday. I had been looking for them for days
7) Her eyes were red. She had been crying
8) She had been eating a chicken
8) She had been eating a chicken
9) I had been running the parking area when it started to rain heavily.
10) He had been driving for three miles when his mom arrived at home.
10) He had been driving for three miles when his mom arrived at home.