PASSIVE VOICE
Passive voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject pada sentence (kalimat) atau clause (klausa) tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak.
Sebaliknya, pada konstruksi active, subject pada sentence atau clause berhubungan langsung dengan verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi.
Kalimat aktif dapat ditransformasi menjadi pasif, namun hanya transitive verb (mempunyai direct object) yang dapat diberlakukan demikian.
Rumus Passive Voice
Rumus passive voice adalah sebagai berikut di bawah ini.
Catatan:
- Auxiliary verb dapat berupa primary auxiliary verb be (is, are, am, was, were, be, been, being) maupun kombinasi antara dua primary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been) maupun antara primary dan modal auxiliary verb (will be, will have been).
- Kombinasi auxiliary digunakan pada bentuk pasif pada tenses. Penjelasan lebih lengkap dapat dilihat di Bentuk Pasif pada Tenses, Infinitive, dan Gerund.
- Past participle yang digunakan berupa kata kerja transitive (memiliki direct object).
Contoh:
She can’t drive a car. (active voice, transitive), He always come on time. (active voice, intransitive)
Contoh:
play (base form) —> played (past participle), sing (base form) —> sung (past participle)
Simple Present Tense
Berbeda dengan simple present tense dalam active voice yang main verb nya berupa verb-1 (pada contoh tulisan sebelumnya: Simple Present Tense), main verb pada simple present tense dalam passive voice berupa past participle.
Past participle ditemani oleh auxiliary verb is/am/are disesuaikan dengan subject pada passive voice (= object pada active voice) – memenuhi subject-verb agreement. Jika memiliki modal verb (can, should, may), past participle di dahului oleh auxiliary verb “be”. Adapun agent pada passive voice merupakan subject pada active voice.
Berikut rumus simple present tense dalam passive voice:
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|
| S + verb-1 + direct object | S (direct object) + is/am/are + past participle +/- by … (agent) |
| S + modal + bare infinitive + direct object | S (direct object) + modal + be + past participle +/- by … (agent)
|
Rumus di atas berlaku untuk transitive verb, dimana memang kata kerja tersebut yang umum dipasifkan. Kalimat dengan intransitive verb mungkin dapat dipasifkan jika memiliki prepositional phrase (lihat: Passive Voice pada Intransitive Verb). Subject pada passive voice merupakan object of preposition pada active voice.
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|
| S + verb-1int + preposition + object of preposition | S (object of preposition) + is/am/are + past participle + preposition +/- by … (agent) |
Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh :
1. The book is borrowed by Siska.
2. Letter is written by him today.
3. This car is not repaired by her.
4. A newspaper is read by my daddy.
5. An apple is eaten by me.
6. A tiger is killed by Michael.
7. The bus is driven by him.
8. This plant is watered by her every two days.
9. Yudi is helped by Jack.
10. A cup of coffee is drunk by me.
Simple Past Tense
Simple past tense dalam passive voice dibentuk oleh auxiliary verb was/were dan past participle. Subject pada passive voice merupakan object pada active voice dengan was untuk subject tunggal, sedangkan were untuk subject jamak. Adapun agent pada passive voice merupakan subject pada active voice.
Berikut rumus simple past tense dalam passive voice:
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|
| S + verb-2 + direct object | S (direct object) + was/were + past participle +/- by … (agent) |
Rumus di atas berlaku untuk transitive verb. Bagaimana dengan intransitive verb? Kalimat dengan intransitive verb mungkin dapat dipasifkan jika memiliki prepositional phrase (lihat: Passive Voice pada Intransitive Verb). Subject pada passive voice merupakan object of preposition pada active voice.
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|
| S + verb-2int + preposition + object of preposition | S (object of preposition) + was/were + past participle + preposition +/- by … (agent) |
B. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were.
Contoh :
1. The book was borrowed by Siska.
2. Letter was written by him today.
3. This car was not repaired by her.
4. A newspaper was read by my daddy.
5. An apple was eaten by me.
6. A tiger was killed by Michael.
7. The bus was driven by him.
8. This plant was watered by her every two days.
9. Yudi was helped by Jack.
10. A cup of coffee was drunk by me.
Present Perfect Tense
Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh :
1. Active : He has met them.
Passive : They have been met by him.
2. Active : She has written novel.
Passsive : Novel has been written by her.
Past Perfect Tense
Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been.
Contoh :
1. Active : He had met them before I came.
Passive : They had been met by him before I came.
2. Active : She had written novel for 2 hours.
Passsive : Novel had been written by her for 2 hours.
Simple Future Tense
Active: Subject + will/shall + first form of the verb + object
Passive: Object of the active sentence + will/shall + be + past participle form of the verb + by + subject of the active sentence
Contoh :
1. Active : He will meet them next week.
Passive : They will be met by him next week.
2. Active : She is going to write novel tomorrow.
Passsive : Novel is going to be written by her tomorrrow.
Future Perfect Tense
Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’.
Contoh :
1. Active : He will have met them before I go tomorrow.
Passive : They will have been met by him before I go tomorrow.
2. Active : She will have written novel before 20.00 tomorrow
Passsive : Novel will have been written by her before 20.00 tomorrrow.
Past Future Tense
Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.
Contoh :
1. Active : He would have met them.
Passive : They would have been met by him.
2. Active : She would have written novel.
Passsive : Novel would have been written by her.
Present Continuous Tense
Jika active voice dalam present continous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am , are) + being.
Contoh :
1. Active : He is meeting them.
Passive : They are being met by him.
2. Active : She is writing novel.
Passsive : Novel is being written by her.
Past ContinuousTense
Jika active voice dalam past continous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was/were) + being.
Contoh :
1. Active : He was meeting them.
Passive : They were being met by him.
2. Active : She was writing novel.
Passsive : Novel was being written by her.
Perfect Continuous Tense
Jika active voice dalam perfect continous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
Contoh :
1. Active : He has been meeting them.
Passive : They have been being met by him.
2. Active : She has been writing novel.
Passsive : Novel has been being written by her.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Jika active voice dalam past perfect continous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.
Contoh :
1. Active : He had been meeting them.
Passive : They had been being met by him.
2. Active : She had been writing novel.
Passsive : Novel had been being written by her.
Future Continuous Tense
Jika active voice dalam past future continous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.
Contoh :
1. Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive : They would be being met by him.
2. Active : She would be writing novel.
Passsive : Novel would be being written by her.
Perfect Continous Tense
Jika active voice dalam future perfect continous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.
Contoh :
1. Active : He will have been meeting them.
Passive : They will have been being met by him.
2. Active : She will have been writing novel.
Passsive : Novel will have been being written by her.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.
Contoh :
1. Active : He would have been meeting them.
Passive : They would have been being met by him.
2. Active : She would have been writing novel.
Passsive : Novel would have been being written by her
